The sixth edition APA Style blog was launched in June , on the same day that the sixth edition of the Publication Manual was published. In the 10 years that the blog was active, we discussed all aspects of APA Style, and we answered thousands of questions in nearly 5, comments. Visit the 6th edition APA Style blog archive.
Quick Answers—Formatting. Quick Answers—References. Supplemental Materials. Since these are general guidelines, use your own judgment and feedback from others for effective presentation of numbers. Tables and figures should be numbered and have titles, along with relevant notes. Make sure to present data only once throughout the paper and refer to any tables and figures in the text.
There are specific format guidelines for reporting statistics in APA , as well as general rules about writing numbers.
If you are unsure of how to present specific symbols, look up the detailed APA guidelines or other papers in your field. For that reason, raw data and any interpretations of your results are not included in the results section.
Instead, you should always save the raw data securely and make them available and accessible to any other researchers who request them. Making scientific research available to others is a key part of academic integrity and open science. This belongs in your discussion section. Your results section is where you objectively report all relevant findings and leave them open for interpretation by readers. While you should state whether the findings of statistical tests lend support to your hypotheses, refrain from forming conclusions to your research questions in the results section.
For the sake of concise writing, you can safely assume that readers of your paper have professional knowledge of how statistical inferences work. In an APA results section , you should generally report the following:. According to the APA guidelines, you should report enough detail on inferential statistics so that your readers understand your analyses.
You should also present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes where relevant. In APA style, statistics can be presented in the main text or as tables or figures. To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines:. Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions. The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results.
The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter. In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. Thanks for reading!
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This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. APA American Psychological Association style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 6 th ed.
Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until , but will not be updated.
The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here. This resource presents the changes made between the fifth and sixth editions. Please note that the first printing of the APA sixth edition contained misprints; if you are using the APA manual, make sure you are using at least the second printing of the sixth edition. Traditionally, psychologists were the main users of APA, but recently, students and writers in other fields began using APA style. Therefore, the sixth edition was written with a broader audience in mind.
The changes made to the sixth edition reflect this broader audience. For a more complete discussion of the changes, please visit this site. Headings are used to help guide the reader through a document. The levels are organized by levels of subordination, and each section of the paper should start with the highest level of heading. For example, in a scientific report following APA style, a report contains three sections: Method, Results, and Discussion. Each of these sections start with level 1 headings:.
Refer to participants at the appropriate level of specificity.
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